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Richardson, wood processing was performed in wood to make room in the ark, and the tone will inside and outside with pitch. It also logged wood preservation that dates back to ancient Greece, during the reign of Alexander the Great, where the wooden bridge has been soaked in oil corner of the wood processing industry. The inventors and scientists such as Bethell, Boucherie, Burnett and Kyan made historic developments in the preservation wood, with the preservation solutions and processes. Commercial pressure is used again, until its use has increased significantly (at least U.S.) in 1970 that the owners have begun to build bridges and backyard projects.
Risks
pressure treated wood industry products approved conservation pose a limited risk to the public, but must be disposed of properly. On December 31 December 2003, the wood processing industry has been arrested residential wood treatment with arsenic and chromium (chromated copper arsenate, CSF). It was a voluntary agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ECP has been replaced by copper-based pesticides, with exceptions for certain industrial uses. Depending on the product and the jurisdiction where it is used. In most countries, industrial activities are the preservation Wood notifiable industrial activities that require licensing by the regulatory authorities like the EPA or its equivalent. Reporting and licensing requirements vary considerably depending on the chemicals used and especially the country of use.
Although pesticides are used to treat wood preservation wood protects natural resources, allowing wood products will last longer. Previous malpractice in the industry have left a legacy of contaminated soil and water around the wood treatment sites in some cases. However, currently approved industry practices and regulatory controls, as applied in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and elsewhere, the environmental impact of these operations should be minimal.
Treated wood is generally safe to drive modern management is given the appropriate precautions and personal protective measures. However, treated wood may present certain dangers, in certain circumstances, such as agriculture.
data sheets and instructions for safe handling are required by law to be provided by suppliers preservation Wood
Wood or wood that is treated with a preservative is generally applied in a vacuum and / or pressure treatment. Conservatives used to treat the wood under pressure can be classified into three broad categories: waterborne preservatives, preservatives and oil light transmission organic solvent preservatives (LOSP). This aspect is discussed later.
preservatives water-based
Water is the most common solvent carrier in the forms of conservation because of its availability and low cost. water-based systems have the drawback that the processing CCA, copper is the main fungicide, arsenic is a secondary fungicide and an insecticide, and chromium is a fixative which also provides ultraviolet (UV) lightfastness. Recognized for the greenish tint given to the wood, the CCA is a preservative that has been common for many decades.
In the process of pressure treatment, an aqueous solution of the DPA is applied using a vacuum and pressure cycles, and the treated wood is stacked for drying (see application process below.) During the process, the mixed oxide reacts to form insoluble compounds, assist with problems of leaching. If the process is done correctly, very little conservation of remaining on the wood surface, and the danger to the safety of toxins to minimize the surface.
He and treatment) for: exposure to the atmosphere, the implementation on the ground, or insertion in half the marine environment.
In the last decade, concerns have been raised that the chemicals can seep into the wood in the surrounding soil, causing at concentrations above natural background levels. A study cited by the Forest Products Journal found 1213% of chromated copper arsenate leached treated wood buried in compost for a period of 12 months. Once these chemicals have leached from the wood, are likely to bind to soil particles, particularly in soils or clay soils are more alkaline than neutral. In the United States to the powerful U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission issued a report in 2002 stating that exposure to arsenic in direct human contact of treated wood in residential and commercial construction, with the exception of shingles, environment, even if EPA has been careful to emphasize he did not conclude that the structures of CCA-treated wood service that pose an unacceptable risk to the community. The EPA has not requested the removal or dismantling of structures treated wood ACC.
In Australia, the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (NRA) has restricted the use of CCA preservative treatment wood used in some applications, since March 2006. CCA can be used to treat wood used in "human intimate contact applications Games such as equipment for children, furniture, floors and residential Handrailing. Use low-contact residential, commercial and industrial use remains without restriction that the risk to humans under normal conditions of use. As in the U.S. EPA, the NRA does not recommend the revocation or the removal of existing treated wood CEC.
In Europe, Directive 2003/2/EC restricts the marketing and use of arsenic, including including CCA-treated wood. CCA-treated wood is not allowed to be used in buildings for residential use. It allows use in various industrial and public works like bridges, fences, road safety, energy and electrical telecommunications poles.
The alkaline copper quaternary
alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) is a copper preservative, fungicide, and ammonium compounds Quaternary (Quat), an insecticide which also increases the fungicide is a wood preservative that is required to use galvanized steel fasteners or double-steel in the ACQ wood. The use of fasteners that meet or exceed the requirements of ASTM D 153 A Class meets the requirements of bra sustainability. U.S. began mandating the use of non-wood preservatives containing arsenic virtually all the wood for residential use in 2004.
Modern versions have been developed to provide a better performance of the foregoing. (Identified as CA-B and C, CA under the American Association of Wood Protection (AWPA)) is a preservative for wood-based major copper entered widespread use in the United States, Europe, Japan and Australia following restrictions on CCA. Its use is governed by national law and international determine the volume of storage required to capture a specific end use of wood.
Copper azole effective product that is much smaller than Europe and other selected international markets.
AWPA retention CA-B standard is 0.10 pounds per cubic foot (PCF) for applications above ground and 0.21 PCF for contact with the ground and 15 FCP for applications in contact with the ground.
copper azole preservative incorporates organic triazoles such as tebuconazole or propiconazole as co-biocide particles and copper azole. There are currently two sets of particles of copper production. One system uses a biocidal quat (known as EMP) is an imitation CQI. The other uses a biocidal azoles (known as MCA or CA-C) and is an imitation of copper azole.
Supporters of copper particle systems argue that the copper particles work well for evaluation, so that the particle system should not be used in applications where AWPA standards are necessary. However, all systems of copper particles were tested was published by Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) and is based on a comparison of assessments of the impact of life cycle with a standard in the industry.
The size of copper particles used in the range of copper products micronized 1-700 nm with an average of less than 300 nm. Coarse particles are not sufficiently numerous brands in the world. Borate by the low toxicity of wood for residential use, with new regulations restricting certain preservatives, wood, resulted in the sand or heating Fire, however, is easy to wash wood with moisture, forming a layer of scales as in the top of the wood. A company processing Wood Technology, LLC, has found that wood mixed with a chemical solution that provides the processed wood that has received a Class A fire. The wood also processed paintings and developed potassium silicate (potassium Waterglass) on the basis of the Conservatives. They often include boron compounds, cellulose, lignin and other plant extracts. They are an application area with a minimum soak for internal use.
Bifenthrin spray preservatives
In Australia, a system based on water conservation has been developed bifenthrin to provide protection against insects in the long term, especially when exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods.
retardant treated
This treated wood contains fire products retardant chemicals that remains stable under high temperature environments and does not increase the aggressiveness of metal structures in contact with the wood.
Conservative transmission oil
These include pentachlorophenol and creosote. They are toxic, have an unpleasant smell and are not widely used in consumer products.
creosote from coal tar
Creosote is a tar-based preservative that has been used for telephone poles and sleepers. Creosote years in Australia and New Zealand flax has been incorporated into the formulas of conservation endowment gift as solvent and water repellent for "wood. It is fair treatment of the outer section of the Cross-5mm of wood as a member a conservative permethrin 25:75, leaving the core untreated. Although not as effective as CCA or LOSP methods, treatment of housing are much cheaper because they use much less conservative. wood is treated for resistance to termites / white ants. It is a campaign promotion in Australia for this type of treatment. Linseed oil is used to preserve wood fences, chalets, and drying agent rather than a direct activity of biocides. Several European companies have developed natural treatments with oil alone, without conservative synthesis such as organic solvent (LOSP)
This type of treatment of wood with mineral spirits as a carrier solvent to provide a wood preservative compounds. pyrethroid insecticide used as a synthetic such as permethrin, deltamethrin and bifenthrin. In Australia and New Zealand, the formulations The most common use as an insecticide permethrin and tebuconazole fungicides and Propaconazole. Although still use a chemical preservative, this formulation to improve their performance properties. Many chemical reaction systems for wood modification, especially those who use different types of anhydrides have been published, however, the reaction of wood with dioxide acetic acid has been most studied.
Physical properties materials are determined by their chemical structure. The wood contains an abundance of chemical called hydroxyl groups free. "Songs hydroxyl groups readily absorb and release water according to changes in climatic conditions effectively free hydroxyl in the wood of acetyl groups. This is by the reaction of wood with acetic anhydride, acetic acid to come (Known as vinegar when, in its diluted form). When free hydroxyl groups are converted to acetyl groups, the ability of wood to absorb water is greatly reduced, making the wood dimensions more stable and easier to digest because it is piracy. In general, conifers, of course, have a content Acetyl between 0.5 to 1.5% and woods most stable between 2 and 4.5%. Wood acetylation is well beyond these levels with corresponding benefits. These include extended life due Coating of acetylated wood as a more stable substrate for paints and clear coats. Acetylated many types of forest and agricultural resources.
Despite the enormous amount of research on chemical modification of wood, and, more specifically, acetylation Wood, marketing has not been easy. The first patent on the acetylation of wood was made by Suida in Austria in 1930. Later, in 1947, Stamm and Tarkow filed a patent on the acetylation of wood and boards with pyridine as catalyst. In 1961, the Koppers Company issued a technical bulletin on the acetylation probably because the cost can be achieved. In 2007, a London based company with production facilities in the Netherlands, have reached the market profitable and has begun mass production of acetylated wood.
Natural preservatives
naturally resistant wood rot
These species are resistant chemicals that are deposited in the heart of some species of trees and transform the sapwood and heartwood. Huon Pine (Lagarostrobos) Merbau (bijuga Intsia), Ironbark (Eucalyptus spp.) TTARA (Podocarpus totara), puriri (Vitex lucens), Kauri (Agathis australis), and many cypress, like Côte Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and red cedar (Thuja plicata), Ironbark is a good choice when available. It is harvested by both middle-aged plantations Australia and is highly resistant to rot and termites. It is more commonly used for fence posts and the house is planted with black locust in modern times in Europe. Redwood Coast is commonly used for similar applications in the western United States.
Puriri TTARA and have been widely used in New Zealand during the colonial period in Europe where natural forests have been "extracted" even as fence posts many of whom still work. TTARA was used by Maori to build a great waka (canoes). wood, then hardens to form a hydrophobic layer waterproof to 5 mm into the wood. As land conservation in force for exterior work above and below, but makes the thin layer is less useful in practice. as to wood and less acceptable for insects. Although the properties of wood on the water: reducing the moisture content equilibrium, the decline kitchen, where we expect to get wet.
There are three similar thermal treatment in Europe: Retiwood, developed in France, thermowood, developed by VTT in Finland, and Platowood developed in the Netherlands. These processes of wood treated in an autoclave, subjecting it to color, and there are changes in some mechanical properties: in particular, increases in modulus at 10%, and the magnitude of mechanical effects on the treated wood. Wood treated with this method is often used for coating or covering, flooring, furniture and windows.
Sludge Treatment
Wood and bamboo can be buried in the mud to protect it against insects and rot. This practice is widely used in Vietnam to build houses made a frame timber, a roof structure of bamboo and bamboo widespread in Vietnam offers a degree of mechanical protection against the attack rate of the insect which compensates for accelerated decomposition.
In addition, wood is subject to bacterial decomposition under conditions of temperature and specific ranges moisture content, immersing them in water saturated with mud can slow down the decomposition by the saturation of internal cells of the wood out of reach and insect attack was to brush or rub conservatives such as telegraph poles and railroad ties have helped to fuel a explosion of new techniques that have emerged in the 19th century. The largest increase in inventions took place between 1830 and 1840, when Bethell, Boucherie, Burnett and Kyan made of wood preservation in history. Since then, many processes have been introduced or improved processes. You can divide the preservation of wood in about one of the methods of the process without pressure or pressure processes.
punctures, diffusion process and sap displacement.
Brush and spray treatments
Brushing condom is a method to long and often used today carpentry. With the evolution of technology is also possible to spray conservation on the wood surface. Part of the liquid is drawn into the wood following the capillary action, but a thorough brush or spray treatment creosote, coal tar can add 1-3 years to the life of poles or posts. Two or more layers to provide better protection than one, but layers successive layer should only apply before drying or soaked into the wood. The wood must be known before treatment.
Immersion
Immersion is simply to immerse the wood a bath of creosote or other preservatives for a few seconds or minutes. overview similar to brushing and spraying processes are achieved. It has the advantage to minimize the work. It takes more equipment and larger quantities of preservatives and is not suitable for batch processing small wood. In general, the immersion process is useful in the treatment of window frames and doors. Protective treatment with the copper salt and is not allowed with this method.
Soaking
In this process, the wood is immersed in a the 19th century by John Kyan. The depth and retention depends on factors such as species, more wood in wood can be left in the solution, the best treatment you receive. When wood treatment experience, both in water and salt from entering the wood preservative, which is necessary for the season soil in the future.
The depth obtained during the dip varies from 5-10 mm (1 / 8 to 1 / 3 inches) to 30 mm (1.2 inches) pine sap. (Because the concentration decreases slowly as the chemicals diffuse into the wood.) The strength of the solution should be continuously monitored and, if necessary, sufficient. The wood must be weighed and stacked so that the solution can reach all surfaces. (Adhesive materials must be placed between each lumber cardboard.) This process is minimal use, despite its former popularity in continental Europe and Great Britain.
Kyanizing
Named after John Howard Kyan, who patented the process in England in 1832, consists of Kyanizing soak the wood in a solution of mercuric chloride 0.67% preservative.
Cold hot bath
CA Seeley patented this process reaches a dip treatment of dry wood in successive baths of preservatives hot and cold. In bathrooms hot air expands in the woods. When the timber is replaced by the cold bath (condoms can also be changed) a partial vacuum is created in the clear cells, making the conservative be prepared in the wood. Some penetration occurs during hot baths, but most occurs during cold baths. This cycle is repeated with a significant reduction in time compared to other methods of soaking. Each bathroom can take Process 4-8
process pressure standing around longer method in preserving the life of wood. process pressure are those in which the treatment takes place closed bottle to the pressure applied and / or vacuum. These processes have a number of advantages over the methods of non-pressure. In most cases, the deeper penetration and more uniform and greater absorption of conservation is ensured. Another advantage is that processing conditions can be controlled so that the retention and penetration may be changed. The process pressure can be adapted to the production mass. The high initial costs for equipment and energy costs are the biggest drawbacks. These treatment methods are used to protect links, posts and beams for construction and find a use anywhere in the world today. Pressure process different from that we use today differ in the details, but the method is general in all cases the same. The treatment takes place in the bottle. The timber is loaded tram is often used to remove excess preservatives. These cycles can be repeated to get better penetration.
LOSP treatments generally use a method of impregnating the intention is to maintain the greatest amount of liquid absorbed the wood during the pressure as possible, leaving the maximum desired conservation by changing the strength of the solution. William Burnett patented this evolution in 1838 the complete impregnation of cells with aqueous solutions. The patent covers the use of zinc chloride and water-based, also known as Burnettizing. Cell oils whole process was patented in 1838 by John Bethell. The patent describes the contribution of the tar and oils in wood by applying a pressure in closed cylinders. This process is still used today, with some improvements.
Drift development pressure
Contrary to all cells and Tatic empty cell "process, the fluctuation of the process is a ynamic. Through this process the pressure stands by spruce. However, the best results were obtained with this method does not exceed the deeper penetration of spruce in France in 1838, this approach has been placing a bag or a container of preservative solution to a foot or a freshly cut tree with bark, branches and leaves still attached, so that the injection of liquid Butcher amendment is to place freshly cut peeled wood skid in decline, with the strain slightly higher, then seal covering caps or a series of holes drilled in the ends, and the insertion of a copper sulfate solution or other agents of water conservation to the head or conservation and the sapwood pushing the sap at the other end of the wood. After a few days, the sapwood is completely impregnated, the penetration
High SAP pressure system moving
Developed in the Philippines, this method (abbreviated HPSD) consists of a cylinder pressure cap cover is placed over the stump pole, tree or bamboo and wood preservation is linked with the pressure of the engine.
Incision
First was tested and patented by Kolossvary, Berdenich Haltenberg and Austria in 1911 and 1912 (U.S. 1,012,207 palmaditas. This process can also be used to ensure a long life of food through its packaging. The renewal of the air can not be guaranteed with laser-cut holes in the package are so small that moisture can not prepare cash before treatment. It is very useful for logs that are resistant to penetration by the hand, but allow the transport of conservation along the grain. In the region that has produced, it is common practice to influence all of Douglas fir wood 3 inches or more thick before treatment.
Unfortunately, the impregnation of spruce, 2 mm (1 / 12 in.) is not sufficient to protect the wood in position gradient. The incisions are visible and often considered as an error timber. laser incisions are significantly lower than those rays or needles. The costs for each type of process is to talk and conventional alternative method to increase the permeability of wood
See also
The sodium silicate woodworking #
Koppers
References
^ Richardson, BA Wood Preservation. Leichen, and Hal Stebbins, roduction of stability dimensional decomposition of resistant components made of wood acetylation, presented at the International Conference on Sustainability CCA wood preservatives: Selected Resource Guide – National Pesticide Information
Arsenate
Case Studies in Environmental Medicine – the Borate-treated wood in modern applications
Analysis of borate as an insecticide in Madera
Sodium silicate
brief loss of the Encyclopedia British
The mineral albite
Other
FAQ formerly the American Association of Wood Preservation)
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