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Trombiculidae
History
Trombiculidae, Greek ("tremble") and American Culex, gen. culicis ("mosquito" or "fly") was first described as independent by HE Ewing family in 1944. But references to chiggers go as far as the sixth century of the China, in 1733, the first of recognizance Trombicula mites in North America have been made. In 1758, Linnaeus described a single species of mites batatas (Now Trombicula batatas). However, most information about the quid came from the problems that arise during and after the Second World War.
Then, when the family was first described, consisted of two subfamilies, and Trombiculinae Hemitrombiculinae. Womersley added another Leeuwenhoekiinae, at that time contained only Leeuwenhoekia (Oudemans, 1911). Later, he built the family Leeuwenhoekiidae gender and sub-family with six genera, have a pair of setae present on the dorsal submedian plate.
Distribution
The Trombicula mites are found worldwide. In Europe and America North tend to be more common in hot and humid. In warmer regions, which found that in the summer (in French, Harvest mites are called aotat, or "August" flies). In the United States, found primarily in South-East, South and Midwest. They are not present, or just in regions further north in the high mountains and deserts. In the British Isles Trombicula autumnalis species called harvest mites North America species and species Trombicula alfreddugesi Trombicula (eutrombicula) hirst found in Australia and are commonly known as scrub itch mite.
Lifecycle
The life cycle of a harvest mite
The life cycle of mites depends the species and the environment, but generally takes 2-12 months (but can be longer). The number of cycles in a year depends on the region. For example, in a region with a temperate climate, could be 3 per year, but in the tropics, the cycle can be continuous throughout year. Adult mites collected during the winter in sheltered areas as slightly basement. Women participate actively spring, and once the soil temperature is consistently above 60 (15.6) She lays her eggs, up to 15 eggs per day in vegetation when soil temperatures are 60 (15.6). Therefore, from April through early fall until the first Frost, humans are sensitive to CHIGGA bites. Larvae in groups of small mounds of earth, vegetation and even second low shrubs and plants, where they have more easy access to a host. The eggs are dormant for about six days, then it is clear that no pre-feeding larvae, with only three pairs legs. After six days, the caterpillar becomes a pre-larval stage.
Larva
The larvae, commonly called chigga, are about 0.170.21 mm (0.0070.008) in diameter, usually red, hairy, and act quickly in relation to size. There is a marked constriction in front of the body of the nymph and adults. The eggs are round in shape.Chigger is also another term for CHIGGA fleas (Tunga penetrans), a sand flea is found in tropical climates and subtropics in the Americas and Africa.
The name origin as chigga corruption chigga. Also called scrub mite, red mite and several Other names are found throughout the temperate and tropical zones. Chiggers are offered in three stages: deutovum, fasting larvae, and larvae engorged. Once the egg development of larvae enclosed in a membrane, and the eggshells are called deutovum. Newly hatched larvae migrate to the most sober up and wait for a host.
The larval stage is the stage of life cycle parasitic mite. They are parasites many animals. About 30 of the many species of this family in their larval state, comply with various animals, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals and feed on the skin. This often intensely itchy red bump in humans (who are accidental hosts).
Chiggers attach to the machine, piercing the skin, injecting enzymes into the bite, which digest the contents of the cell, then suck the digested tissue through a tube formed by the hardened skin cells called stylostome. Do not penetrate the skin or suck blood, as expected. Itching of insect bites can not develop until 2448 hours after the bite, so that the victim will not be associated with exposure to very specific bite. The red Welt / bump on the skin is not whether a CHIGGA eggs, as is sometimes believed. The larva remains attached to a suitable host for 3-5 days before start to start the nymph stage.
Chiggers do not like sunlight or moisture. During the wet season, chiggers usually found in tall grass and other plants. During the dry season, chiggers are found mainly in the bushes and shaded areas.
Chiggers as vectors of disease
For more details on this subject, see scrub typhus.
Although the harvest mite is generally CHIGGA not spread the disease in North America temperate climates, Leptotrombidium deliense are considered a serious pest in East Asia and Pacific South, because that often leads Orientia tsutsugamushi, the bacterium that causes scrub typhus small, which is known alternatively as the disease of the river Japan, scrub disease, or tsutsugamushi. The mites are infected by Rickettsia transmitted from parents to children until the eggs are laid in a process known as transovarial transmission. The symptoms of scrub typhus in humans include fever, headache, muscle aches, cough and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Nymph
Once the larva is engorged on the skin and has been detached from its host, the larvae develop their pupal stage. As larvae, nymphs are sexually immature, but they are more like adults.
This step consists of three phases, the protonymph, deutonymph and tritonymph, respectively. The protonymph and morphology of the species are rare Trombiculidae tritonymph. The larval phase and combines the features protonymph protonymph with deutonymph tritonymph and morphology. The protonymph is a transition to idle. The active deutonymph develops a pair of legs (for a total of eight). Finally returns to idle during its transition before tritonymph growing into adulthood.
Adult
As deutonymph and adult predatory mites are independent Trombicula that feed on small arthropods and their eggs, is also eat plant material. They live in the soil, often by digging in yards and gardens. The adults may be beneficial to humans because they often eat the eggs of other pests such as mosquitoes.
Trombiculiasis
Trombiculiasis Trombiculidiasis also called, is the term coined by the eruption caused by mites Trombicula.
Prevention
CHIGGA biting foot and ankle
These insects are commonly found in the leaf tips of grasses to a host, so keeping the grass short and removing brush and woody debris where potential mite hosts may live, may limit their impact in a field. Sunlight that penetrates in the dry grass and grass, it will be less favorable for the survival chigga.
Chiggers seem to affect warm covered areas of the body more than drier regions. Therefore, injections are often grouped behind the knees or under tight undergarments, such as socks, underwear, bras. The highest areas in the body (chest, back, waist-band, and under the arches) are affected more easily in young children than in adults, since children are shorter and are more likely than adults in contact with low vegetation and dry grass, where chiggers thrive.
CHIGGA bites can be minimized by wearing protective clothing tight, including pants, which makes it difficult to go to these places. Application of repellent to shoes, pants down and the skin is also helpful. Because they are in the grass, remaining the trails, roads or paths can avoid contact. Dusting sulfur is used commercially to fight against the mites and can be used to control bed bugs in the yard. The dust from the shoes, socks and pant legs with sulfur can be very effective in chiggers regrow.
Another good strategy is to recognize the habitat CHIGGA avoid exposure in the first place. The chiggers grow in North America in late summer in the tall dry grasses and other thick vegetation, no shade. Repellents containing one of the following active ingredients are recommended: DEET, Catnip oil extract – nepetalactone, citronella oil or eucalyptus extract oil. However, in 1993, the subject of a study published on the tests of two commercial repellents: DEET and oil of citrus fruit: "All the chiggers exposed on filter paper treated with DEET is dead and does not move out of documents. None of the chiggers that were placed in papers treated with citrus oil have been killed. "It was concluded that DEET was more effective than citrus oil.
Chiggers can also be treated with common household vinegar (5% acetic acid). For personal protection, apply insect repellent on your feet, legs and the middle section.
Treatment
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia quality standards. The specific problem: date-June 2009. Please improve this section if possible. (June 2009)
sand fleas rash 36 hours after exposure
To reduce itching, application of anti-itch cream containing hydrocortisone, calamine Benzyl benzoate is often used (Even if the scale has proved its effectiveness). Hydrogen peroxide and capsaicin cream was effective. Another good way to relieve itching heat is applied, either with a hand shower with hot water as you can stand, or by heating the bite with a hair dryer. This method of heat to relieve itching about four hours and be repeated. Applying nail polish to the affected area does not kill the chigga the CHIGGA is actually more by this when you notice a rash.
The most effective way to eliminate bed bugs to wash the affected areas with soap and warm water. This should be done as soon as possible after exposure or possible exposure. Wash carefully ankles, feet, behind the knees and under the arms and chest. Epsom salts bath can help relieve itching. If it is near the sea, paddling for a few minutes in salted water to get rid of parasites in the skin and clothing and also relieve the itching pitting. Clothing, especially pants and socks, should be discarded immediately after returning from areas where exposure occurred. But once symptoms appear, may be too late to prevent more stings. Take a hot bath, when covered with bites CHIGGA can actually be very uncomfortable and increase itching symptoms. Do not rub and scratch the skin aggressively, as this can break the skin and left vulnerable to a more serious infection.
Some argue that the CHIGGA is still on the bite, perhaps confusing the small town red CHIGGA bite. In some cases, the CHIGGA is still there when the bite occurs. A 10X loupe can be used to view and can be removed with a CHIGGA nose pliers. Once that has been covering the bite with nail polish, calamine lotion, petroleum jelly or other petroleum jelly, baby oil, or anything else can relieve pain and itching, but does not stifle chigga, or help heal the bites more quickly. Medications such as antihistamine creams corticosteroids may be prescribed by doctors, and could in some cases.
References
^ "Trombiculidae Ewing, 1929 (the family). "SYSTAX – query database. Universitt Ulm. Http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/cgi-bin/system/zoosys.pl?id=97056&stufe=5&typ = ZOO & lang = e & sid = & pr = T & nix only = no & B4 = ok & & valid synonym = y = y Accessed 06/03/2009.
Shatrov ^, AB Kudryashov, NI (2008). "The taxonomic classification of the main Trombicula subtaxa with notes on the evolution of host-parasite (Acariformes: Parasitengona: Trombiculidae) "." Annals Zoologica (Warsaw) 58: 279 287.
^ Smith, GA, Sharma V, Knapp JF, BJ Shields (1998). Pediatric Emergency Care. ed. The summer penile syndrome: The seasonal acute hypersensitivity reaction caused by the bites CHIGGA 14 in. (2nd ed.). United States: the pediatric emergency care. pp. 116,118. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=info:49gX7aDTc_oJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport&pg=1. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
^ Ballantine, Todd (1991). Tideland treasure: a naturalist guide to the beaches and marshes of Hilton Head Island and the southeast coast. Carolina Columbia, South: University of Southern California. pp. 14. ISBN 0-87249-795-X.
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^ ABCDEFG Durden, Lance A. (2002). Medical and Veterinary Entomology (3rd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 458. ISBN 9780125104517. http://books.google.com/books?id=u4RGXGkRq5YC&pg=PA458&lpg=PA458&dq=trombiculidae+ "Lifecycle +" & source = bl & ots = & sig = InFLxmvnBe tk8VWaihOEllvoiuzM9E49K32Cw & hl = en & ei = & WFS8SYO6JJHAM92U0aoI sa = X & oi = & book_result resnum = 9 & ct = result.
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^ "Aotat: Definition" (In French). Vulgar – medical. http://www.vulgaris-medical.com/encyclopedie/aoutat-522.html. Accessed on 19/05/2009.
^ Vater, G. (2006). "The geographical distribution of harvest mites Neotrombicula autumnalis (Acari: Trombiculidae). "(In German). CABI (Leipzig Hygieneinspektion Bezirks-und-Institute Abteilung Medizinische Parasitologie, 7010 Leipzig, German Democratic Republic.: CABI): 12. http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=19830598840. Recovered 18 May 2009.
^ Hirst, A. (1929). "In the scabies mites CRUB North Queensland (Trombicula hirst Sambon)" tropical pseudotyphus Airlines possible. "Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 22 (5): 451 452. Http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0035-9203/PIIS0035920329900675.pdf.
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^ Gosling, Peter J. (2005). Dictionary of parasitology. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-30855-0.
^ "ACES Publications: bugs: ANR-1109." http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1109/. Retrieved 24/06/2008.
^ Finke, DL (01/10/1998). "University of CHIGGA ® Sheet" (PDF). http://www.hgic.umd.edu/_media/documents/hg66.pdf. Retrieved comes 2007-05/25.
^ About.com: Pediatric Dermatology Basics chiggers
^ University of Florida: IFAS Extension
^ About.com: Chiggers pediatric Dermatology Basics
^ Service, Mike. Medical Entomology for Students (4, illustrated, revised edition.). Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008. pp. 250,252,289 pages. ISBN 0521709288 ISBN 9780521709286. http://books.google.com/books?id=wRrof4RLDuwC&pg=PA251&dq=harvest+mites+scrub+typhus.
^ "CDC – Scrub typhus in the resurgence of Maldives." Http: / / www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no12/03-0212.htm. Retrieved 24/06/2008.
^ Takahashi M, Misumi H,; Urakami, H, Misumi M, Matsumoto I (2003). "Life Cycle Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae), a mite vector of scrub typhus http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200401/000020040103A0828660.php Japan (author). Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo (Japan) 45: 1930. 0285-3671 ISSN ..
T ^ Baumann (March 2001). "A new treatment of mite infestation of the crop." Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (5): 769. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.161.5.769. PMID 11231715. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid = 11231715.
^ Ogg, Barb. "Itchy chiggers. http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/chiggers (008). shtml. Accessed on 19/05/2009.
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^ Ab "Harvest mite infestation in cats." Feline Advisory Bureau. November 2008. http://www.fabcats.org/owners/skin/harvest_mite.html. Retrieved on 19/05/2009.
^ Schalock, Peter C. (Last complete update / revision December 2006). "Itching: Itching and non-infectious rash. "The Merck Manual Medical Library. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec18/ch203/ch203b.html. Accessed on 19/05/2009.
References
"The quid! Missouri Department of Conservation
Chiggers in Pestproducts.com
Department of Iowa State University Entomology Insect Information Note
Medline Plus NIH
Ohio State University Extension fact sheet, entomology, chiggers, HYG-2100-98
Autmunalis Trombicula
Information UniProt Consortium in NCBI Taxonomy
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