pacific bath salt company
Sodium chloride
Production and use
Salt is currently mass-produced by the evaporation of seawater or salted water from other sources, such as salt wells and salt lakes, and the extraction of rock salt, called halite. In 2002, world production was estimated at 210 million metric tons, the top five producers (million tonnes) are the United States (40.3), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5) and Canada (12.3).
salt, and applications in the salt of the family is used in many applications, and pulp and paper, the implementation of the dyes in textiles and fabrics to produce soaps and detergents, bath products. It is the main source of chlorine and caustic sodium, industrial, and is used in almost all industries.
Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a drying cheaply and safely because it seems to have hygroscopic properties, salt an effective method of food preservation historically because it draws water from bacteria through osmotic pressure to prevent a recurrence and causing food spoilage. Although the most effective available desiccant little danger for humans to swallow.
Israel and Jordan salt evaporation ponds at the southern tip of the Dead Sea.
Salt mounds, Salar de Uyuni Bolivia.
Modern rock salt mine near Mount Morris, New York, USA.
The evaporation lagoons, Aigues-Mortes, France.
Solubility NaCl in various solvents
(L NaCl / 100 g solvent at 25 ° C)
H2O
36
Liquid ammonia
3.02
Methanol
1.4
Sulfolane
0.005
Formic acid
5.2
Acetone
0.000042
Formamide
9.4
Acetonitrile
0.0003
Dimethylformamide
0.04
Reference:
Burgess, J. metal ions in the solution
(Ellis Horwood, New York, 1978)
ISBN 0-85312-027-7
Synthetic uses
Sodium chloride is the raw material used to produce chlorine, which in turn is necessary for sterilization and the production of many resins modern materials, including PVC, pesticides, and epoxy resin. Industrially, elemental chlorine, is generally produced by electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. With chlorine-alkali process yields hydrogen and hydroxide sodium, according to the chemical equation
2NaCl + 2H2O + H2 + Cl2 2NaOH
Sodium metal is produced commercially by electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride. Now it's done Down in a cell in which the mixture of sodium chloride with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 ° C. As calcium is more electropositive than sodium, calcium will not be formed at the cathode. This method is less costly than the previous method electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.
Sodium chloride is used in other chemical processes for producing high scale of compounds containing sodium or chlorine. In the Solvay process, sodium chloride is used to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. In the process of Mannheim and Hargreaves process, is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.
Biological uses
numerous micro-organisms can not live in an environment too salty, water is extracted from their cells by osmosis. For this reason, the salt used to preserve foods such as bacon or fish. Can also be used to detach leeches that have gathered to feed. It is also used to disinfect wounds.
Optics uses
pure NaCl crystal is a compound optical transmission range of 200 nm to 20 um. It is often used in the infrared range and is still sometimes used.
NaCl crystal is soft, hygroscopic and cheap. This limits the application or the environment protected for near term applications (prototypes). Outdoor exposure optical NaCl "putrefaction".
Today, the hardest crystal in ZnSe are used instead of NaCl (for the IR spectral range).
Optical data
Transmitivity: 92% (from 400 nm to 13 m)
Refractive index: 1494 @ 10m
Reflection Loss: 7.5% at 10 m (two surfaces)
dN / dt: -36.2 x 10-6 / C@0.7m
Household uses
Since at least the time medieval people used salt as a cleaner rubbed into household surfaces. It is also used in many brands of shampoo, popularly tickets to thaw and ice patches.
At a time when the salt water used to clean teeth.
Fight against fire uses
A fire extinguisher D for several metals
Sodium chloride is the primary extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers (Met-LX, Super D) used Fires in combustible metals magnesium, potassium, sodium and NaK alloy (D). thermoplastic powder is added to the mixture, and sealing (Metal stearates) materials and anti-caking agent (tricalcium phosphate) to form the extinguishing agent. When applied fire, the salt acts as a heat sink, dissipating heat from the fire, and is also the exception of a crust of oxygen smother the fire. The plastic additive is melted and crust helps to maintain its integrity until the metal is cooled below the temperature of the combustion ignition. This type of fire extinguisher was invented in the 1940s in the type of payload that is shown here, despite the versions of pressurized storage are very popular. common sizes are £ 30 and £ 350 laptops wheels.
Time
Clouds over the Pacific
The small particles as condensation nuclei in sea salt are the dominant cloud and sea, allowing the formation of clouds in the air not otherwise contaminated. Snow with the addition salt (brine) is designed to make travel easier and safer, and reduce the long-term impact of heavy snowfall in human populations. This process is conducted by households and by governments and institutions and the salts used to remove snow from driveways and sidewalks.
biological functions
In humans, a high salt intake has long been known to increase blood pressure in general, especially in some individuals. More recently, has been shown to reduce the production of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting muscle contraction vascular growth, the platelet aggregation and adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium.
Crystal structure
The crystal structure of sodium chloride. Each ion has six nearest neighbors, with octahedral geometry.
Article: Cubic crystal system
Sodium chloride forms crystals with face-centered cubic symmetry. In the latter, more chloride ions, shown right as green spheres, are arranged in a cubic close packing while the smaller sodium ions, shown at right as spheres money, filling all gaps between the cubes. Each ion is surrounded by six ions Otherwise, the surrounding ions are located at the vertices of a regular octahedron.
This same basic structure in many other minerals and is commonly known as the crystalline structure of rock salt or rock salt. It can be represented as a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice with an atom of two bases. The first atom is at each point of the network, and the second atom is midway between lattice points along the edge of the FCC lattice.
Held together by an ionic bond which is produced by electrostatic forces resulting from the charge difference between the ions.
Ruta de la Sal
Although salt was rare, once in history, industrial production was the salt in abundance. Approximately 51% of world production is now used by cold countries on ice roads in winter, both in grain bins and spread by vehicles Winter service. Calcium chloride is preferred to sodium chloride, because it releases energy CaCl2 to form a solution with water, heating of the ice or snow is in contact with. It also lowers the freezing point, depending on the concentration. NaCl did not release heat to the solution, However, do not lower the freezing point. Calcium chloride is considered more environmentally friendly than when sodium chloride is used for Ice roads, however, a drawback is that it tends to promote corrosion (vehicle) rather than sodium chloride. NaCl is also more readily available and has no special handling or storage requirements, unlike calcium chloride. Salinity (S) of water is measured by salt in grams per kilogram (1000 g) of water and frost are the following.
S (g / kg)
0
10
20
24.7
30
35
T (gel) (C)
0
-0.5
-1.08
-1.33
-1.63
-1.91
Additives
Most table salt sold for consumption today is not pure sodium chloride. In 1911, magnesium carbonate was added to the first salt to make it flow more freely. In 1924, small amounts of iodine in the form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide or potassium iodide were added first, to reduce the incidence of goitre simple.
Salt to remove snow in the United Kingdom comes largely from a single mine in Winsford, Cheshire []. Before the distribution has added a anti-caking agent, sodium hexacyanoferrate (II) less than 100 ppm, this treatment allows salt to move freely on the vehicle clamping despite being stored before use. In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt.
Environmental impact
the salt are found in freshwater organisms and could harm aquatic plants and animals by interfering with their ability to osmoregulation. An alternative is to spread sand on the surface of rough ice is not slippery.
Alternative Names
NaCl, sodium monochloride
Salt table, or Culinaris Sal Sal Culinar
Common salt, common salt
Sodium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium chloride De, sodium hydrochloride (former names)
Sodii chloridum, Soda Hydro-chloride, sodium Muri (former name)
Nat Mur, Natrum muriaticum Natrum wall, or even Natrium Chloride (homeopathic / biochemistry Cellular Sales)
See also
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module
Salt
Biosalinity
Kala Namak
Halite, the mineral form of chloride sodium
Schler list of the 12 cell salts biochemical (name: "Nat Mur" for "" Nat Mur, etc.), homeopathic preparations List
Salinity
Salt
Soap
Salting the earth
References
^ Martel, B., Cassidy, K. (2004), analysis of chemical risks: a practical manual, Butterwortheinemann, P. 369, ISBN 1903996651
^ Susan R. Feldman. The sodium chloride. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online, 2005 DOI: 10.1002/0471238961.1915040902051820.a01.pub2
^ BJ Mason (12/19/2006). "The role of sea salt particles as nuclei condensate clouds on the remote oceans. "The quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 127 (576): 20,232,032. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114028130/abstract. Accessed 08/07/2009.
David A. Kuemmel ^ (1994). Management of snow and ice control operations. Transportation Research Board. P. 10. ISBN 9780309056663. http://books.google.com/books?id=I3gxuwTE5_MC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=effect+of+snowfall+on+infrastructure&source=bl&ots=kmDWQqfCno&sig=yMOXi2gv5_LJf_o3qNA36e0FSO8&hl=en&ei=nKxUSt-pAY7ElAeIoZXkCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1. Accessed 08/07/2009.
^ Relationship between salt intake, nitric oxide and asymmetric dimethylarginine and its relevance for patients with end-stage
^ Sodium Food and cardiovascular and renal disease risk factors: dark horse or phantom entry?
^ "FAQ salt Morton. http://www.mortonsalt.com/faqs/index.html # Q3. Retrieved 05/12/2007.
^ Markel H (1987). "When the rains, it rains": endemic goiter, iodized salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD. "American Journal Of Public Health 77 (2): 21 929. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219. PMID 3541654. Http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1646845.
^ T salt so harmful to the environment?
^ National Institute of Standards and Technology: sodium chloride
Further reading
Kaufmann Dale W., sodium chloride, the production and properties of salt and brine, ACS Monograph 145, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1960, 743 pages. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-50778.
Kurlansky, Mark Salt, a world history, Walker and Company, New York, 2002, 484 pages. ISBN 0-8027-1373-4
Connections External
Wikimedia Commons has media related to sodium chloride
The Salt Producers Association website
Salt Institute website
Salt Website Archive
Sal United States Geological Survey Statistics and Information
U.S. Highway Management Website
Salt intake in cold climate
Oxford FS
JT Baker MSDS
EV
Sodium compounds
NaAlO2 NaBH3 (NC) NaBH4 NaCN NaBr NaBrO4 CH3COONa NaC6H5CO2 NaC6H4 (OH) CO2 NaCl NaClO NaH NaClO4 NaClO 3 NaClO2 NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO3 NaHSO4 Nal NaIO3 NaIO4 NaMnO4 NaNH2 NaOH NaNO3 NaNO2 NaN3 NaO2 NaPO2H2 NaReO4 NaSCN NaSH NaTcO4 NaVO3 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2MnO4 Na2MoO4 Na2O2 Na2O Na2O (UO3) 2 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O5 Na2S2O6 Na2S2O7 Na2S2O8 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2SiO3 Na2Te Na2TeO3 Na2Ti3O7 Na2U2O7 NaWO4 Na2Zn (OH) 4 Na3N Na3P Na3VO4 Na4Fe (CN) 6 Na5P3O10
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